Which action is effective in removing salad contamination from the surface?

Immersion in boiling water is effective in removing salad contamination because it not only helps to dislodge dirt and surface contaminants but also effectively kills many pathogens. The high temperature of boiling water can denature proteins and destroy bacteria, viruses, and other harmful microorganisms that may be present on the surface of the salad items. This method is particularly useful for leafy greens and vegetables that may harbor contaminants.

While washing with cold water can help reduce some surface dirt and contaminants, it is generally not effective against pathogens because it does not provide the high temperatures needed to inactivate many types of harmful microorganisms. Spraying with vinegar can have some antimicrobial effects, but its effectiveness is limited in comparison to boiling water. Drying under sunlight may help with drying but does not guarantee the removal of contaminants or pathogens and may not be effective if the food is already contaminated.